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→EEG effects of anesthetic agents
**Yohimbine stimulates NE release from the locus ceruleus (riba2005journalofneuroscience). It decreases latency of the P200 in ERPs, suggesting a possible improvement in selective attention to environmental stimuli (turetsky2002psychophysiology).
**Yohimbine stimulates NE release from the locus ceruleus (riba2005journalofneuroscience). It decreases latency of the P200 in ERPs, suggesting a possible improvement in selective attention to environmental stimuli (turetsky2002psychophysiology).
*Naloxone = 28
*Naloxone = 28
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:YopyTTOWoR4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEwMIk:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KIlV-oVXI_S0Cxge-WxR1vc&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KF5bb9Uy5zxwkigBDdV8YHg&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2021 study looking at 20 health male volunteers] showed that the magnitude of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) together with amplitudes and insular source strengths of the corresponding EEG responses were attenuated by opioids. In the cold-pressor test, increases in delta amplitude and decreases in alpha power were reversed by opioids.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:YopyTTOWoR4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEwMIk:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KIlV-oVXI_S0Cxge-WxR1vc&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KF5bb9Uy5zxwkigBDdV8YHg&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2021 study] looking at 20 health male volunteers showed that the magnitude of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) together with amplitudes and insular source strengths of the corresponding EEG responses were attenuated by opioids. In the cold-pressor test, increases in delta amplitude and decreases in alpha power were reversed by opioids.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:EpE0MbA4B20J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE_FUk:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU5DUntHjBVyZ3Ry5FpVU-ugao&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU5DRSAIjaex5dQK8VYifGLQS8&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2010 study of 12 healthy volunteers] demonstrated that tramadol decreased the amplitude of LEPs, whereas placebo left LEPs unchanged. The opioid antagonist naloxone partially reversed the tramadol-induced LEP amplitude decrease.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:EpE0MbA4B20J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE_FUk:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU5DUntHjBVyZ3Ry5FpVU-ugao&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU5DRSAIjaex5dQK8VYifGLQS8&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2010 study] of 12 healthy volunteers demonstrated that tramadol decreased the amplitude of LEPs, whereas placebo left LEPs unchanged. The opioid antagonist naloxone partially reversed the tramadol-induced LEP amplitude decrease.
**Fentanyl self-administration and passive administration (both 1.5-3 mg/70 kg) have differential EEG effects. Delta EEG peak amplitude increases were greater following fentanyl SA than fentanyl PA, primarily over the central midline region, and were attenuated by naloxone pretreatment in a [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:Ct07MzeWBcsJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEInRc:ACTRDVEAAAAAasUOhRdfe7UiiUuK6P0C3uTTzcQ&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasUOhZZOppryrz-KHD6fwDheYes&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2005 study of 8 heroin-dependent, methadone stabilized subjects]
**Fentanyl self-administration and passive administration (both 1.5-3 mg/70 kg) have differential EEG effects. Delta EEG peak amplitude increases were greater following fentanyl SA than fentanyl PA, primarily over the central midline region, and were attenuated by naloxone pretreatment in a [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:Ct07MzeWBcsJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEInRc:ACTRDVEAAAAAasUOhRdfe7UiiUuK6P0C3uTTzcQ&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasUOhZZOppryrz-KHD6fwDheYes&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2005 study] of 8 heroin-dependent, methadone stabilized subjects.
**EEG average frequency was increased in response to pain from direct 60 Hz thalamic electrical stimulation. The effect was blunted by fentanyl (5 mcg/kg) and augmented by naloxone (3.5 mcg/kg), in a [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:ZSoVnXy51uwJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEkaNs:ACTRDVEAAAAAasUicNu5QlqpwBJswxCm8v-7ZBE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasUicBSLRVh8zhiPL83RzJjzCtY&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en study of 4 epileptic patients from 1998].
**EEG average frequency was increased in response to pain from direct 60 Hz thalamic electrical stimulation. The effect was blunted by fentanyl (5 mcg/kg) and augmented by naloxone (3.5 mcg/kg), in a [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:ZSoVnXy51uwJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEkaNs:ACTRDVEAAAAAasUicNu5QlqpwBJswxCm8v-7ZBE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasUicBSLRVh8zhiPL83RzJjzCtY&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1998 study] of 4 epileptic patients.
**In a pain-evoked potential paradigm with patients undergoing minor surgical procedures, naloxone (3 mcg/kg) increased the amplitude and area of the small P300 while decreasing its latency, but decreased the amplitude and area of the large P300 peak. There were fewer omissions in an odd-ball task [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:4pX7do3byTAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-1pc:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4zpdHj-ti41Rj00fM3q3dDR4&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4zkgcoUfsnutaB-8-O_V5l9s&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1984 study of patients undergoing minor surgical procedures].
**In a pain-evoked potential paradigm with patients undergoing minor surgical procedures, naloxone (3 mcg/kg) increased the amplitude and area of the small P300 while decreasing its latency, but decreased the amplitude and area of the large P300 peak. There were fewer omissions in an odd-ball task [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:4pX7do3byTAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-1pc:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4zpdHj-ti41Rj00fM3q3dDR4&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4zkgcoUfsnutaB-8-O_V5l9s&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1984 study] of patients undergoing minor surgical procedures.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:ibWkXiQAKMAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-rE4:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4tE6PHFoZCwQBL37bQMTpxgE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4tKMUamqWwFQMHa1wCsk0otM&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1980 study of 16 patients] failed to demonstrate a significant EEG response in response to 1.2 mg naloxone in patients under GA using inhalation (halothane ± N2O) anesthesia.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:ibWkXiQAKMAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-rE4:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4tE6PHFoZCwQBL37bQMTpxgE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4tKMUamqWwFQMHa1wCsk0otM&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1980 study] of 16 patients failed to demonstrate a significant EEG response in response to 1.2 mg naloxone in patients under GA using inhalation (halothane ± N2O) anesthesia.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:eCOB-NHfXRYJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-ujM:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4ojNB-9G-E0oimGF-BXr0Fck&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4ouqDOTgno5agCZIaicdYSr0&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1980 study] showed painful electrical stimulation of the median nerve decreased SEP amplitude in six volunteers. In the four volunteers who noted that this pain-relief was inhibited by naloxone, the SEP amplitude was also returned to baseline following naloxone administration. Two volunteers had a paradoxical reaction.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:eCOB-NHfXRYJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-ujM:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4ojNB-9G-E0oimGF-BXr0Fck&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4ouqDOTgno5agCZIaicdYSr0&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1980 study] showed painful electrical stimulation of the median nerve decreased SEP amplitude in six volunteers. In the four volunteers who noted that this pain-relief was inhibited by naloxone, the SEP amplitude was also returned to baseline following naloxone administration. Two volunteers had a paradoxical reaction.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:kiQAbPT3ne4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-YHY:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eHaWHARVsiuxWMOZVq08ESE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eOy6y55DPxGPOocOvD8eoSs&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1979 study] showed 10 or 20 mg of naloxone elicited a significant slowing of the average alpha frequency in healthy male volunteers
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:kiQAbPT3ne4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-YHY:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eHaWHARVsiuxWMOZVq08ESE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eOy6y55DPxGPOocOvD8eoSs&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1979 study] showed 10 or 20 mg of naloxone elicited a significant slowing of the average alpha frequency in healthy male volunteers