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→EEG effects of anesthetic agents
===EEG effects of anesthetic agents===
===EEG effects of anesthetic agents===
Look at benzos, opioids, precedex, and their respective reversal agents. Also caffeine, methylphenidate, and methohexital. In MedLine, combine each agent with the search term Electroencephalography/ and add limits for Adults, Humans, and English. Which drugs are most target selective? What are their EEG effects?
Look at benzos, opioids, precedex, and their respective reversal agents. Also caffeine, methylphenidate, and methohexital. In MedLine, combine each agent with the search term Electroencephalography/ and add limits for Adults, Humans, and English. Which drugs are most target selective? What are their EEG effects?
*Yohimbine = 9
*Yohimbine = 9
**Yohimbine stimulates NE release from the locus ceruleus (riba2005journalofneuroscience). It decreases latency of the P200 in ERPs, suggesting a possible improvement in selective attention to environmental stimuli (turetsky2002psychophysiology).
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:fsNWkeZCSbIJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixFS6M0:ACTRDVEAAAAAasVU8M0M2rRPHr1d2pSaadsm4Lc&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasVU8HfZxQ1XxpvMM1ojNx9eP-I&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2005 paper] shows that yohimbine stimulates NE release from the locus ceruleus.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:NPHzQqLViIwJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixFTH1A:ACTRDVEAAAAAasVVB1CDE5QBE2zAuDf3PKcoA_8&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasVVB4uG91jOECpycg8q_Qw7xls&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2002 article] suggests that norepinephrine modulates CNS mechanisms of selective attention to infrequent stimuli (decreased latency of the P200 in ERPs).
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:KO4REQm8XqMJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixFTPCI:ACTRDVEAAAAAasVVJCL_1MxLv2DfWNft2NQUFqk&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasVVJHXd8JmpJq1mJK9LvvLkMUw&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1994 paper] reported speeding of N1 and single-trial P3 data indicate that noradrenergic drugs affect processing of early (visual) information. Yohimbine's speeding of P3 without changing RT is consistent with neural net (parallel) simulations but not with a serial model.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:CKmYkp6VoecJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixFTWfM:ACTRDVEAAAAAasVVQfNNkcr6LbQjfDZSiqNM0uQ&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasVVQc42XPXPbUqRB0TpQxxCArU&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1985 study] showed Yohimbine enhanced noradrenaline release, increased stage 1 and REM sleep, but decreased the stages 2 and 3 + 4; increases of mobility during REM and non-REM sleep signified desynchronization.
*Naloxone = 28
*Naloxone = 28
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:YopyTTOWoR4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEwMIk:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KIlV-oVXI_S0Cxge-WxR1vc&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KF5bb9Uy5zxwkigBDdV8YHg&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2021 study] looking at 20 health male volunteers showed that the magnitude of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) together with amplitudes and insular source strengths of the corresponding EEG responses were attenuated by opioids. In the cold-pressor test, increases in delta amplitude and decreases in alpha power were reversed by opioids.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:YopyTTOWoR4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixEwMIk:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KIlV-oVXI_S0Cxge-WxR1vc&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU2KF5bb9Uy5zxwkigBDdV8YHg&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 2021 study] looking at 20 health male volunteers showed that the magnitude of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) together with amplitudes and insular source strengths of the corresponding EEG responses were attenuated by opioids. In the cold-pressor test, increases in delta amplitude and decreases in alpha power were reversed by opioids.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:kiQAbPT3ne4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-YHY:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eHaWHARVsiuxWMOZVq08ESE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eOy6y55DPxGPOocOvD8eoSs&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1979 study] showed 10 or 20 mg of naloxone elicited a significant slowing of the average alpha frequency in healthy male volunteers
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:kiQAbPT3ne4J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-YHY:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eHaWHARVsiuxWMOZVq08ESE&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4eOy6y55DPxGPOocOvD8eoSs&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1979 study] showed 10 or 20 mg of naloxone elicited a significant slowing of the average alpha frequency in healthy male volunteers
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:5qCNpmwZQbcJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-eSs:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4YSsTyLuHIH5b9wGEZyM2kdQ&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4YYSUhyN7ikowAEcV6bNoh_M&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1979 study] reported that some of the analgesic effects of N2O can be reversed with naloxone 0.4 mg, as evidenced by electrical pain-evoked potentials.
**[https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:5qCNpmwZQbcJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKb9IEEIjgixE-eSs:ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4YSsTyLuHIH5b9wGEZyM2kdQ&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAasU4YYSUhyN7ikowAEcV6bNoh_M&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en 1979 study] reported that some of the analgesic effects of N2O can be reversed with naloxone 0.4 mg, as evidenced by electrical pain-evoked potentials.
*Flumazenil = 94
*Methylphenidate = 68
*Methylphenidate = 68
*Methohexital = 80
*Methohexital = 80
*Caffeine = 138
*Caffeine = 138