We explore mechanisms whereby anesthetics lead to amnesia, hypnosis (i.e. impaired behavioral responsiveness), immobility, and analgesia. We develop pharmacologic and device-based methods to modulate components of anesthesia non-invasively. | We explore mechanisms whereby anesthetics lead to amnesia, hypnosis (i.e. impaired behavioral responsiveness), immobility, and analgesia. We develop pharmacologic and device-based methods to modulate components of anesthesia non-invasively. |