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* [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:M5UWHlxi7wAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKaX4GEKqVgAynmlY:ACTRDVEAAAAAatqhglZZM_s75UhfTO-JCwzNnOo&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAatqhgpGk_yHhtzU8iG-jYB4c5lw&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en A 2025 review article] in Current Medical Research & Opinion states that "perioperative hypertension significantly increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and renal failure, contributing to longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs. Patients with significant intraoperative systolic BP elevations had markedly higher risks of adverse outcomes, including approximately 1.5-fold higher mortality and a doubling of renal failure risk.
* [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:M5UWHlxi7wAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKaX4GEKqVgAynmlY:ACTRDVEAAAAAatqhglZZM_s75UhfTO-JCwzNnOo&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAatqhgpGk_yHhtzU8iG-jYB4c5lw&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en A 2025 review article] in Current Medical Research & Opinion states that "perioperative hypertension significantly increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and renal failure, contributing to longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs. Patients with significant intraoperative systolic BP elevations had markedly higher risks of adverse outcomes, including approximately 1.5-fold higher mortality and a doubling of renal failure risk.
* [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:wxD3Zuz3SrIJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKaX4GEKqVgAyiRz4:ACTRDVEAAAAAatqkXz4rUzETtFOvrin_NXy9Q6M&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAatqkXz76poAi3-3T9tRDm3Xo4aU&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en A propensity matched, retrospective, cohort study] published in 2024 looked at stroke recurrence in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that [...] hypertension (odds ratio 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.26-5.02; p = 0.009) [was] independently associated with stroke recurrence. Baseline incidence in this cohort was 5.7%. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
* [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:wxD3Zuz3SrIJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CiBKaX4GEKqVgAyiRz4:ACTRDVEAAAAAatqkXz4rUzETtFOvrin_NXy9Q6M&scisig=ACTRDVEAAAAAatqkXz76poAi3-3T9tRDm3Xo4aU&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en A propensity matched, retrospective, cohort study] published in 2024 looked at stroke recurrence in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that [...] hypertension (odds ratio 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.26-5.02; p = 0.009) [was] independently associated with stroke recurrence. Baseline incidence in this cohort was 5.7%. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
* In several studies, pre-operative hypertension predicts mortality, or mortality and major morbidity, in a wide spectrum of surgery, from cardiac [3, 8], to orthopaedic [2], to day-case surgery [4]. Alternatively, some studies lack statistical power to identify an independent effect of hypertension when adjusting for other associated risk factors such as renal failure or previous stroke (that
typically impose a higher perioperative risk). In-hospital coding of pre-operative hypertension was a risk factor for peri-operative mortality, prolonged length of stay and readmission, in a study of 414,895 major joint arthroplasties (with 164,380 hypertensive patients). While it appears intuitive that the higher the BP, the larger the risk, this is yet to be definitively demonstrated.